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This study delves into the evolution of advanced nursing practice worldwide. Investigating advanced nursing practice across different countries is a pertinent topic in healthcare research.

Advanced practice nursing embodies a healthcare paradigm wherein nurses undertake a broader scope of medical procedures and responsibilities traditionally performed by physicians. The article examines the fundamental roles and responsibilities of advanced practice nurses, delineating their significance in the healthcare continuum, advancements within the profession, emerging nursing roles, and shifts in healthcare dynamics. It analyzes successful models and innovations implemented in various countries to enhance patient care quality and the professional impact of nursing. Additionally, it scrutinizes the historical development and progression of the field, core principles and values underpinning advanced nursing practice, and its profound influence on patient health and well-being. Research in this domain facilitates the identification of divergent approaches to advanced nursing practice worldwide and enables the assessment of the efficacy of specific healthcare models. Moreover, global research on advanced nursing practice may furnish recommendations for enhancing nursing education and training, as well as bolstering the recognition and impact of the profession. The article furnishes contemporary insights into the educational prerequisites for advanced practice nurses, alongside exemplars of successful practices across different nations. By scrutinizing international experiences, optimal practices can be discerned and localized to ameliorate healthcare quality at the grassroots level. In essence, delving into this subject holds paramount importance for healthcare system development and augmenting the accessibility of quality medical services to the populace.

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Maternal and child health is a global priority, particularly concerning maternal and child mortality and the protection of socially disadvantaged populations. At the primary health care level, patronage services involve additional active visits based on an individualized plan for children identified as having medical or social risks threatening their life, health, development, or safety.

This study explores the organization of patronage control for newborns and young children, based on a universal progressive model aimed at identifying and mitigating risks, as well as reducing the number of mandatory visits for families without identified risks.
Purpose. The study explores the features of patronage services for young children in primary health care both in Kazakhstan and internationally. Methods. This review included observational studies, randomized controlled trials, reviews, and articles related to nursing patronage work. A comprehensive search was conducted across state, English, and Russian language databases such as PubMed/ Medline and Google Scholar. Keywords used included patronage, nursing, early childhood, active visitation, and care. The search strategy involved combining terms with logical operators and conducting manual searches for additional references in the reference lists of relevant articles.
Results. Out of 112 articles initially identified, 38 were included after abstract and full text evaluation. The review highlights patronage activities provided to young children in Kazakhstan and other countries. Despite some differences in patronage services, commonalities were observed in the areas of service provided.
Conclusion. While there are specific features of children’s patronage services in Kazakhstan, patronage nurses play a crucial role in monitoring the children's condition and living environment, conducting necessary examinations, and providing psychological support to both the child and family.

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This study explores the evolving role of nursing personnel in the management of patients with chronic diseases, with a focus on the development of nursing practices in Kazakhstan.

It traces the historical evolution of nursing in Kazakhstan, highlighting its integration into the healthcare system and its critical role in patient care. The study identifies key responsibilities of nurses within chronic disease care models, emphasizing their roles in ensuring continuity of care, patient education, healthcare service coordination, clinical procedures, and psychosocial support. Additionally, the paper discusses successful implementations of chronic disease care models globally, showcasing diverse strategies adopted in various countries and medical institutions. The study underscores the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to patient care, where nurses play a pivotal role in educating patients, promoting self-management, and coordinating healthcare services. It also compares international experiences in managing chronic diseases, highlighting initiatives from countries such as Sweden, the United States, and Japan. These initiatives demonstrate the effectiveness of integrated care models involving nursing personnel, resulting in improved patient outcomes and quality of life. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the significance of nursing in the care of patients with chronic diseases, advocating for collaborative approaches and the adaptation of successful international practices to the Kazakhstani context. It suggests that integrating nursing practices into comprehensive care models can enhance patient well-being and healthcare outcomes in Kazakhstan.

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The urgency of the problem lies in the changing demographic landscape of Kazakhstan, which is experiencing an increase in its aging population. According to projections from the Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Institute of Economic Research of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the proportion of elderly individuals will rise to 14% of the total population by 2030.

This demographic shift necessitates adjustments to the societal development model, as outlined in the Concept of Social Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. With a growing elderly population, there is an increasing demand for palliative care and long-term support for elderly patients coping with severe chronic illnesses, cognitive impairments, and other conditions. The challenges surrounding the organization of palliative care are becoming more pronounced globally and particularly in Kazakhstan as societal development progresses. It is imperative not to leave seriously ill individuals and their families to navigate their conditions alone; they require access to high-quality medical care. Palliative care is relevant across various medical specialties, not just oncology, underscoring the importance for all healthcare professionals to be knowledgeable about its principles and capable of providing such care. The necessity for the advancement of palliative medicine in contemporary society stems from several factors. These include the rising life expectancy, which presents challenges in caring for the elderly; increasing incidences of cancer and HIV/AIDS; the emergence of other socially significant diseases resulting from urbanization; and the accelerating pace of life. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort to improve the quality of life for terminally ill patients, ensuring they can experience dignity and comfort in their final days.

Annotation

For most adults without significant hypoglycemia, maintaining an HbA1c level below 7% is recommended. Despite guidelines and advancements in diabetes treatment, approximately half of the global diabetic population fails to meet glycemic targets.

While lifestyle changes are crucial for the prevention and management of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), most patients ultimately require pharmacotherapy to achieve effective blood glucose control.
Purpose. This study aims to explore the key barriers preventing patients from achieving optimal glycemic levels by examining therapy structures in an outpatient setting.
Methods. We evaluated a dataset of adult T2D patients (n=66) from general practice clinic No.1 in Aktobe, Kazakhstan. Measures included laboratory data, prescriptions, and patient and practice variables. The proportion of patients meeting clinical targets as of November 2023 was calculated, along with the proportion of T2D patients initiating monotherapy and polytherapy, and any changes in HbA1c levels.
Results. The study found that 66.67% of patients did not achieve target treatment levels, with only one-third of participants demonstrating satisfactory diabetes control. Data analysis revealed a significant relationship between blood glucose levels and insulin therapy (χ2 = 5.500, df = 1, p ˂ 0.05), indicating that patients with glucose levels above 7 mmol/L are more likely to receive insulin. A notable correlation was also observed between glucose levels and the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors (Fisher's Exact Test, p ˂ 0.01), with higher glucose patients more frequently prescribed these drugs. Additionally, there was a substantial association between glucose levels and the chosen therapy structure (χ2 = 13.050, df = 2, p ˂ 0.001), suggesting that monotherapy is common in patients with glucose levels ≤7 mmol/L, whereas those with higher levels often require multi-drug treatment. Furthermore, a significant relationship was identified between elevated blood glucose levels (˃7 mmol/L) and the presence of endocrine diseases (Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.004), indicating a higher incidence of these diseases among patients with elevated glucose levels.
Conclusion. The study highlights the critical relationship between blood glucose levels and treatment strategies, emphasizing the need for personalized diabetes management. It points to the broader use of insulin and SGLT-2 inhibitors among patients with higher glucose levels and underscores the importance of individualized treatment planning. This approach to diabetes care necessitates a nuanced understanding of each patient's condition, advocating for tailored treatment regimens to effectively enhance patient outcomes.

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Job satisfaction is an emotional state of nurses that directly affects their attitude towards work and, subsequently, the quality of the provided nursing care. Factors influencing nurses’ job satisfaction include payment for work, workplace conditions, relationships in the team, and career opportunities.

Purpose. This study aims to assess the level of job satisfaction among nurses with regard to their working conditions.
Methods. A survey was conducted among 89 nurses in Pavlodar to assess their satisfaction with working conditions.
Results. Four main factors influencing the degree of job satisfaction were identified: organization of work, salary, career prospects, and relationships in the team. The most significant source of dissatisfaction was the level of salary. Specifically, 43.3% of nurses were dissatisfied with their working conditions. Additionally, 42.7% of respondents expressed confidence in the future and financial stability of their profession. Only 24.7% of nurses were satisfied with their salary, which they felt fully corresponded to their contribution to work. Regarding career development, 50% of respondents were satisfied, while 40% were dissatisfied with the existing prospects. As for relationships between employees in the medical organization, a similar situation was observed: half of the respondents were satisfied with the current level of relationships, and 40% were dissatisfied.
Conclusion. Job satisfaction depends on many factors that ultimately affect the quality of nursing care. Thus, it is important to create favorable working conditions to improve the quality of nursing care provided to the general public.
Keywords: working conditions, nursing staff, job satisfaction, salary, career

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Nursing is Kazakhstan is undergoing a significant transformation in the scope of practice within Primary Health Care Centers of Excellence. This transformation aims to improve the delivery of primary health care services and enhance patient outcomes leading journey to achive "Health for All".

Purpose. This study aims to analyze current scope of practice of Primary Health Care (PHC) nurses in Kazakhstan and their role in delivering holistic comprehensive care, as well as their engagement in community empowerment.
Methods. We used cross sectional observational method to collect data from 20 PHC team nurses in Taraz city polyclinic №5 and 24 PHC team nurses in Taraz city polyclinic №2, using survey on actual scope of practice and employee empowerment scale.
Results. The role of PHC nurses in care coordination and communication is vital, although there is room for improvement in collaborative care planning. Additionally, patient education and counseling are integral components of the practice, and the nursing specialists of the Centers of Best Practice PHC actively implement them, but there is a need to expand mental health counseling. Strengthening nurses' capacity for independent practice could optimize patient care within primary care settings. The MIOMOS project has had a notable impact on nurse empowerment and leadership development among PHC nurses, fostering positive change within primary healthcare settings.
Conclusion. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into various facets of PHC nursing practice, highlighting areas of strength and opportunities for improvement. Furthermore, it emphasizes the significance of strengthening teamwork, enhancing care coordination efforts, expanding patient education initiatives, empowering nurses for independent practice, and leveraging quality improvement projects like MIOMOS to advance the delivery of high-quality primary healthcare services.
Keywords: Primary healthcare nursing, empowerment, leadership, person-centered care, nurse's Scope of Practice.

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According to recent studies, psoriasis is a genetically determined multifactorial chronic disease primarily affecting the skin, characterized by hyperproliferation and impaired differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes, as well as changes in immune homeostasis leading to the formation of cytokines and mediators. These mediators enhance the proliferation of abnormal keratinocytes and induce an inflammatory response in the dermis. Recently, due to new insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and the emergence of advanced treatments, such as biological therapy, it has become important to understand concomitant diseases.

Palmoplantar psoriasis holds a special place among all known clinical forms of psoriasis. It is known that this form of psoriasis is resistant to conventional treatments. This study provides current information on the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis, considering both local and systemic treatment options. Modern methods and current recommendations for the treatment of psoriasis are discussed. All forms of psoriasis, including palmoplantar pustular psoriasis, significantly worsen patients' quality of life. Patients are often limited in their professional activities, daily life, and relationships with colleagues and relatives. The "Dermatological Quality of Life Index" indicates a high degree of impact of palmoplantar psoriasis on patients' social activity. Modern treatments aim to improve skin condition, prolong remission, and thereby enhance patients' quality of life.
Psoriasis is one of the leading chronic recurrent dermatoses. In developed countries, psoriasis affects 1.5-3% to 5-7% of the population, depending on geographical location. The psoriatic process has a chronic, relapsing nature. Remissions can be long, lasting from several months to decades, but in some patients, remission does not occur at all. The prognosis for life with psoriasis is most often favorable.
Keywords: psoriasis, palmoplantar psoriasis, photodynamic therapy, liver, hormonal imbalance.

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This study outlines the progression of nursing reform and the establishment of the Center for Nursing Improvement in Kazakhstan. Through this initiative, the healthcare sector aims to align with international standards. The project "Enhancing Higher Education Potential in Nursing through Healthcare Reform" was conceived to support

ongoing transformations in nursing. It focuses on advancing nursing expertise in Kazakhstani healthcare, enhancing the role of medical universities in nursing research, fostering leadership and management systems in nursing, and refining nursing education at the master's and PhD levels.
Keywords: nursing, nursing reform, regulatory frameworks, nursing education, Center for Nursing Improvement

Annotation

More than 30 years ago, the Association of Nurses of Russia was established as a public organization dedicated to nursing specialists. Over these years, the Association has grown to unite over 155,000 members and has been instrumental in implementing numerous programs focused on continuous medical education, professional

development, and enhancing the reputation and status of the field. The Association collaborates closely with the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in shaping key decisions related to practice, regulation, and management of nursing. This study highlights the main milestones in the development of the Association, its current priority areas, and examples of projects undertaken by the Association and its members to support nursing practice and advance Russian healthcare.
Keywords: nurse, association, profession, healthcare, experience, Russia